Lyrica Nerve Pain Reviews

EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC NON ...
Spinal pathology, nerve root pain/radicular pain, and non-specific low back pain) sets One of the systematic reviews covered back pain in the occupational setting (Waddell and Burton 2001). Thirty-four systematic reviews, 28 narrative reviews, 22 ... Access Document

Lyrica Information From Drugs
Related Lyrica Information Reviews Average User Rating 254 User Reviews 7.1 Rate it! Related Pages Learn how to identify and deal with Nerve Pain and related ilnesses Pain-Advice.com Alternate Migraine Relief Not getting enough relief from your migraine ... Retrieve Content

Fibromyalgia Vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain - Fibromyalgia ...
Fibromyalgia pain and rheumatoid arthritis pain can be hard to distinguish, and gabanergic medications like Neurontin (gabapentin) or Lyrica (pregabalin). Related Resources for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatoid Arthritis Screening Quiz; ... Read Article

Prior Authorization - Riverside, California | City Of Arts ...
P&T Committee reviews drugs for their safety, effectiveness and value. What members experience When a drug requires prior authorization, the pharmacy’s Nerve Pain • Lyrica Medications requiring prior authorization: Created Date: ... Retrieve Here

Pfizer Inc Nd 235 East 42 New York, NY 10017 News
Specific protein within overexcited nerve cells and works to calm “Since I’ve started taking Lyrica, I’ve had less pain and felt better,” added Carolyn Bishop. other priority reviews included ... Get Doc

Anticonvulsants Summarized-- Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs
Of nerve pain that affects facial trigeminal nerves. uations are based on scientific reviews conducted by the Oregon Health sible effectiveness in treating spinal cord injury pain and nerve pain related to cancer Pregabalin (Lyrica) ... View This Document

Treatment Of Neuropathic Pain The Role Of Unique Opioid Agents
Pies, this article reviews currently approved treatments and (Lyrica) Binds to : a: 2: d subunit on voltage-gated calcium channels Somnolence, dizziness, ropathic pain stemming from the descending nerve pathway. If antide- ... Access Doc

Pain- What Is It? - American Society For Pain Management Nursing
Preemptively by reducing wind up pain. Pregabalin (Lyrica) showed improved pain control Nerve blocks Pain Reviews 2000; 7:105-117 Chang G, Chen L and Mao J. Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia Med Clin N Am 91 (2007) 199- ... Fetch Content

Neuropathy Web Presentation - SkyparkF
Pain and improve circulation. neuropathy and nerve disorders has a new weapon– Red Laser LIGHT THERAPY. • Medications: Neurontin, Lyrica, Elavil, Cym-balta, Ultram, Lidocaine – only mask symp-toms, no known nerve improvement ... Access Content

Pregabalin NME Monograph - Pharmacy Benefits Management Services
And is believed to thereby inhibit calcium influx at nerve terminals and Wang ST, Oster G. Treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain: A simulation model. Eur J Pain 2005. 133. Pfizer I.Lyrica (Pregabalin CV) Core Dossier All systematic reviews and randomized ... Read Full Source

April 1, 2005 - Texas Department Of Insurance Home Page
Pain Management and is currently on the DWC Approved Doctors List. Lyrica. An electromyography/nerve conduction velocity (EMG/NCV) study demonstrated a mild L5 radiculopathy. perform peer case reviews as requested by Matutech clients. ... View This Document

Fibromyalgia Medications - Fibromyalgia Drugs - Fibromyalgia ...
Lyrica (pregabalin) has been approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia. pain, sleeping problems, extreme fatigue, depression and anxiety, in combination with tenderness of specific areas (muscles and tender points) on the body. ... Read Article

Drug Class Review Neuropathic Pain
Pregabalin Lyrica ® Diabetic and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (4th Quarter 2010), using terms for included drugs, indications, and study designs. Electronic database searches were traumatic nerve injury pain Key Question 2. ... Content Retrieval

GREATER MANCHESTER MEDICINES MANAGEMENT GROUP DRUG UPDATE
Pregabalin (Lyrica ®▼) is licensed Database of Systematic Reviews 2005;3 (R) 5. Wiffen PJ et al. Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain (review). relating to > 50% pain relief in PHN, nerve injury, mixed neuropathic pain, and diabetic neuropathy.2 Topical ... Read More

This Section Of The Medical Treatment Utilization Schedule ...
Several reviews have detailed the mechanisms and mediators of pain and the components of the ascending and descending pain pathways. Recommended for neuropathic pain (pain due to nerve damage. Lyrica® is the brandname for pregabalin, ... Get Document

Lumbar Spine Selective Nerve Root Block Injection pain ...
Indications for selective spinal nerve blocks are - pain in a region of the body supplied by a particular nerve root - recent physical examination and radiological imaging that don't assist diagnosis I'm on Lyrica large doses & prednose. ... View Video

Best Practices In pain Management - University Health Network
Either post-test or pre-test and post-test NHMRC 1999 3.2.2 Acute pain services “Although systematic reviews have been factors that predispose to the development of chronic postsurgical pain include the severity of pre and postoperative pain, intraoperative nerve injury and ... Access This Document

Lidocaine - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Lidocaine is used topically to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, injected as a dental anesthetic or as a local anesthetic for minor surgery. Contents. 1 History; 2 Indications; 3 Contraindications; 4 Adverse effects; 5 Overdosage; ... Read Article

Epilepsy - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
In some cases the implantation of a stimulator of the vagus nerve, or a special diet Trileptal), phenobarbital (Luminal), phenytoin (Dilantin), pregabalin (Lyrica), primidone vitamins and yoga was evaluated in a number of systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration into ... Read Article

Pharmacologic Management Of Neuropathic pain: Evidence-based ...
Systematic literature reviews, randomized clinical trials, and existing guidelines were evaluated at a consensus meeting. chronic nerve root pain [60]. These trials have examined different opioids, including oxycodone, morphine, meth- ... Access Document

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Where it can then enter adrenergic nerve terminals. Once in the cytoplasmic space, tyramine will be transported via the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) into synaptic vesicles, thereby displacing norepinephrine. ... Read Article

New Inroads In Pain Management - DefinedHealth
Lyrica (pregabalin), Pfizer’s GAA epidural or peripheral nerve analgesia) and local anesthetic-based regimens, can affect major postoperative morbidity. 13 www.thelancet.com Vol 377 June 25, 2011 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Vol.6 May 2007 © Defined Health, 2012 Pain Insight Briefing ... Read More

MY Rx Drug Review - YouTube
U have fibro cybalta didn't work for me . i'm on neurtin too cause i have numbness in my hand along with the nerve pain. i suggest u try lyrica it; ... View Video

This Section Of The Medical Treatment Utilization Schedule ...
Several reviews have detailed the mechanisms and mediators of pain and the Recommended for neuropathic pain (pain due to nerve damage), but not for See also specific drug listings below: Gabapentin (Neurontin®); Pregabalin (Lyrica®); Lamotrigine (Lamictal®); Carbamazepine ... Document Viewer

Paula Abdul Reveals Battle With Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy ...
I attained RSD/CRPS approximately 16 months ago as a result of a laterally herniated disc crushing a nerve in my back. with a lot of pain. To me Lyrica has been good. February 12, 2009 at 1:56 am. Alan : I was diagnosed with RSD in 1991. ... Read Article

Marktanalyse - Postherpetic Neuralgia Pipeline Review, H2 2012
It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Postherpetic Neuralgia. Pfizer Reports Top-Line Results Of Study Of Lyrica’s Effect On Male Reproduction Conducted As Post-Approval Commitment Required By FDA 91 Jul 16, Neuralgia Of Trigeminal Nerve 94 Feb 09, ... Retrieve Here

Treatment Obturator Nerve Pain

Diagnosis And Management Of Piriformis Syndrome: An ...
Manipulative treatment, obturator internus muscle, osteopathic diagnosis, piriformis, piriformis anatomy, piriformis muscle, piri-formis syndrome, sciatica, sciatic nerve, sciatic pain,and somatic dys-function. Epidemiologic Considerations ... Access Doc

Current Knowledge, 4th Trimester 2002 - TIPNA
PERINEAL PAIN Physical Therapy Treatment Current knowledge, (ilio-inguinal nerve and ilio-hypogastric), pain in the inguinal region, pubis, labia, testicles. by the obturator muscle and internally and its aponnevrose : ... Document Viewer

PUDENDAL NERVE ENTRAPMENT Presented At The International ...
Aponeurosis of the obturator internus. If the nerve is fixed between the and treatment of chronic pain in the perineal area) studied 132 patients and . PUDENDAL NERVE ENTRAPMENT - 21 - found that 95 (72%) had transitory flare of symptoms and that 90(68%) had ... Get Document

Symptoms Of Peripheral Neuropathy - Guide To Peripheral ...
Nerve Pain (Neuralgias) Muscle weakness is the most common symptom of motor nerve damage. Other symptoms may include: Treatment of Arthritis; Arthritis Screening Quiz; Most Popular. Arthritis Screening Quiz; Lupus Screening Quiz; ... Read Article

Piriformis Syndrome , Sciatica - Everything You Need To Know ...
I tried everything. My sciatic pain begans in 2005, and after all these years the only successfull treatment is being the obturator intern us, injection to the SI joint to stabilize 3:41 Best Sciatica Stretch For Fast Sciatic Nerve Pain Relief by Sukie Baxter 363,465 ... View Video

Nerve Anatomy And Entrapment Neuropathies Of The Lower Extremity
Obturator Nerve • Arises from L2-L4 nerve roots – Evaluate course and signal intensity of sciatic nerve • Treatment: resection, botulinum toxin9. Sciatic Nerve within –Focal pain/tenderness at site where nerve pierces fascia ... Fetch Content

OBTURATOR HERNIA - Department Of Surgery At SUNY Downstate ...
Pain radiating down the medial aspect of the is highly likely that the obturator nerve is compressed www.downstatesurgery.org. Clinical Manifestations: in the treatment of obturator hernia ... Return Doc

Genitofemoral Neuropathy -- Pelvic Nerve Pain Genitofemoral ...
Gentiofemoral neuropathy is a type of pelvic nerve pain that can affect both men and women. Causes, symptoms and treatment of genitofemoral neuropathy. ... Read Article

What Are Pinched Nerves?
The most frequently recommended treatment for pinched nerve is rest for the affected area. Corticosteroids help alleviate pain. In some cases, Nerve Pain / Neuralgia; Back Pain / Sciatica ; Guide To Peripheral Neuropathy; Related Resources. ... Read Article

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - The Keio Journal Of Medicine
Obturatorhernia,diagnosis,treatment,CT(scanning) Introduction The obturator foramen is the largest foramen in the the obturator nerve.6 Flexion of the thigh relieves the pain, while extension, adduction, or medial rotation ... Get Doc

Pathology And Treatment Of Herniated Lumbar Disc
Antibacterial treatment reduces the pain. Laboratory examination and ultrasoud or CT exam reveals the problem. 9. Obturator Nerve The obturator nerve arises from L2-L4 – the ventral rami of the spinal nerves. It supplies the skin on the medial surface of the thigh. ... Read More

Sciatic nerve - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Pain caused by a compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by a problem in the lower back is called sciatica. Endoscopic treatment for sciatic nerve entrapment has been investigated in deep gluteal syndrome; obturator internus, or quadratus femoris or by hamstring tendon scarring." ... Read Article

Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures For Patients With ...
Ultrasound for Pelvic Pain tion of the nerve may then produce paresthesia of the the duplication of the obturator internus muscle un- treatment of groin pain. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108:1618-1623. 16. ... Access Full Source

Botulinum Toxin A Injection Of The Obturator Internus Muscle ...
Pudendal nerve injections and pudendal nerve release surgery. The obturator internus muscle has a treatment of chronic pain.10,13,19,20,33,43,49 A case is re-ported indicating that injection of the obturator inter- ... View Doc

Obturator Sign - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
This causes pain and is an evidence in support of an inflamed appendix. The principles of the obturator sign in the diagnosis of appendicitis are similar to that of the psoas sign. Evidence shows that the Obturator Test does not adequately diagnose appendicitis. ... Read Article

Ultrasound-Guided Obturator Nerve Block: A Sonoanatomic Study ...
Pain not responding to conventional treatment, four patients had persistent knee pain after knee operation and two patients had obturator neuralgia. obturator nerve block: anatomical and randomized clinical studies. Anesthesiology 2005;103:1238–45 5. ... Visit Document

THE ROLE OF NEUROLYTIC OBTURATOR NERVE BLOCK TO RELIEVE PAIN ...
Hip joint replacement therapy is the treatment of choice. Transitory pain relief can be obtained from neu- cation by using neurolytic obturator nerve block to relieve pain due to pelvic cancer and degenerative osteoarthritis of hip. Figure 2. ... Retrieve Doc

What Is The Sciatic Pain Terminator With Jennifer McCumber ...
4:36 Watch Later Error Dr. Aaron Filler Treats John McMath's Obturator Internus Muscle and Piriformis Muscle by Injections 1:07 Watch Later Error Sciatica Treatment - Get Rid Of Sciatica Pain For Good by Exercises for Sciatic Nerve Pain in Pregnancy by ... View Video

Groin Injuries And Groin Pain In Athletes: Part 1
Obturator nerve, osteitis pubis, and hip pathology may present similarly, and may lead the physician astray if the physical examination is not adductor longus tenotomy in the treatment of chronic groin pain in athletes. Acta Orthop Belg 2003;69(1):35–41. ... Access Doc

Current Concepts Hip And Groin Injuries In Athletes
Obturator nerve entrapment is described in skaters due to adductor muscle development. treatment of chronic groin pain in athletes. Am J Sports Med 20:640–643, 1992 3. Akita K, Niga S, Yamato Y, et al: Anatomic basis of chronic groin pain with ... Access Full Source

Percutaneous Radiofrequency Lesioning - :::::Pain Physician:::::
Ral nerve while pain in the gluteal region is via the sciatic nerve. Gluteal pain is often obturator nerve for analgesic treatment of degenerative-deforming changes of the hip joint. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol 1990; 55:387-390. ... Doc Retrieval

Surgical Release Of The Internal obturator Tendon For The ...
Sciatic nerve from the internal obturator muscle, sectioning of the tendon was performed at its insertion to the greater [13]. The decrease in pain in the treatment group as measured with the VAS was the primary variable. It was hypothesized that there would be a ... Document Viewer

FEMORAL AND OBTURATOR NEUROPATHY SECONDARY TO RETROPERITONEAL ...
FEMORAL AND OBTURATOR NEUROPATHY SECONDARY TO RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE : CT scans should be used in all patients developing signs of peripheral nerve entrapment during anticoagulant Treatment of retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant therapy requires disconti- ... Access Full Source

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PERSISTENT PAIN FOLLOWING PUDENDAL ...
Operative pudendal nerve pain. However this shouldn’t be an excuse for . 5 after reviewing treatment for chronic nerve pain, concluded “ Botox Injections to Obturator Internus Sympathetic Block Pharmacologic Tricyclics ... Access This Document

Obturator Internus Muscle - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
The obturator internus muscle originates on the medial surface of the obturator membrane, Obturator Internis muscle is also innervated by the nerve to obturator internis (L5, S1). Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions. ... Read Article

The Internal obturator Muscle May Cause Sciatic pain
Outcome of the treatment on pain. P , 0:05 was considered statistically significant. 3. Results The sciatic nerve and the internal obturator tendon as found during operation for suspected piriformis syndrome. The internal obturator tendon ... Access Doc

Saphenous Block - YouTube
The saphenous nerve block is useful for providing anesthesia and analgesia on the medial aspect of the lower leg and foot. @ Postoperative pain relief for major corrective foot surgery 9:49 Ultrasound guided obturator and saphenous nerve block workshop by nerveblocks 5,170 views; ... View Video

Sonographic Imaging Of The Obturator Nerve For Regional Block
Vides pain relief of obturator neuralgias and adductor muscle contraction in multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, and assists in diagnosis or treatment of painful hip obturator nerve block for transurethral resection pro- ... Fetch Here

Sports Injuries Of The Hip & Thigh - Welcome To The New ...
Cutaneous Nerve •Pudendal Nerve •Obturator Syndrome •Piriformis Syndrome of the sciatic nerve. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous N. • Sensory innervation to • +/- Pain. • Treatment • Activity modification. • NSAIDs • Modalities. • Structural movement instruction. • Surgical ... View This Document

Nerve Pain Control Treatment

Sacral nerves - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
And motor impulses from the CNS to the pelvis that control the movements of these pelvic organs. Complication that can happen are bleeding, infection, pain and unwanted stimulation in the extremities. Sacral Nerve Stimulation for treatment of Anal Fissure. ... Read Article

Symptoms Of Peripheral Neuropathy - Guide To Peripheral ...
Nerve Pain (Neuralgias) Neuropathic pain is difficult to control and can seriously affect emotional well-being and overall quality of life. Treatment of Arthritis; Arthritis Screening Quiz; Most Popular. ... Read Article

Treating Bulging Discs & Sciatica - OHSU Home
–Nerve pain medicine. Physical Therapy/Braces • “Limited” evidence for • Surgery very effective if pain does not improve with non-op treatment • Everybody gets back pain eventually. Conclusions • Loss of control of bowel or bladder – Go and don’t know it ... View This Document

Peripheral nerve Stimulation
Treatment of intractable pain JAMESJAME N. CAMPBELL M.D. AND DONUN M. LONG M.D. PH.D. Department of Neurosurgery. peripheral nerve implantsimplant for pain control was made by Sweet and \Vepsc in 1968 however these resultsresult have not been ... Document Viewer

Implanted Peripheral Nerve Stimulator (PNS) For Pain Control
Johnstone C, Sundaraj R. Occipital Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Occipital Neuralgia – Eight Case Studies. Neuromodulation 2006; 9:1:41-47 Implanted Peripheral Nerve Stimulator (PNS) for Pain Control Author: BCBSKS Created Date: ... Retrieve Document

Managing Cancer pain - Information For Patients
Knowledge to give you the most appropriate treatment for your pain. However, it is Because of this, regional techniques such as nerve blocks do not control all of the pain. Procedures to manage pain involve a multi-disciplinary specialist team, which ... View Full Source

Diabetic Neuropathy - DiabetesPro - Home - American Diabetes ...
Damage to the L2, L3, and L4 nerve roots causes pain in the thigh followed by muscle weakness and wasting of the thigh muscle (hence this disorder is also called diabetic amyotrophy). Symmetric polyneuropathy is treated with glycemic control, treatment of pain, and foot care. ... Content Retrieval

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation For Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain
Nerve. First line treatment of TNP includes management with anticonvulsant medication (carbamazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin, etc.), baclofen, and analgesics. plications for pain control. Pain Physician 2011; 14:249-258. 9. Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Wargo BW. ... Return Doc

THERAPIES FOR TREATING DIABETIC NERVE PAIN
Starting treatment. However, symptoms tend to develop These include the organs that control automatic body processes. Some people develop digestive problems such as Nerve pain is a chronic problem for many people with diabetes. ... Fetch Doc

Peripheral nerve Stimulation For The treatment Of Chronic pain
Peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain R.J. Mobbs a,*, S. Nair b, P. Blum a a Department of Neurosurgery, due to infection or reduction of pain control after an initial good result. A statistically significant decrease in reported pain ... Get Document

Lower Back Pain Treatment For Instant Back Pain Relief - YouTube
This Lower Back Pain Treatment shows you how to get instant Back Pain Relief using Acupresure. 3:41 Best Sciatica Stretch For Fast Sciatic Nerve Pain Relief by Sukie Baxter 363,465 views; The Healthy Back Institute 155 videos Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe; ... View Video

Volume 07, Issue 32 Effective Home Remedies That Doctors Give ...
Medical treatment of neuropathy consist of trying to control the nerve pain. Anyone who has suffered from neuropathy, will tell you this has been (for the most part) Acupuncture treatment improves nerve conduction in peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Mar;14(3):276-81 ... Fetch Content

NEUROPATHIC PAIN SECTION - RSDSA :: Reflex Sympathetic ...
Pain control, albeit with fluctuations in intensity. Figure 3 Time course of treatment. Pain intensity indicates the average magnitude of pain between visits, nerve trunk pain, and deafferentation pain. In: Okeson JP, ed. Orofacial ... Access Document

Leg Pain (Sciatica) - Neurosurgeons Neurosurgery Mayfield ...
From chronic pain that continues despite treatment. You play an important role in the prevention and healing process of leg pain. Strong, flexible muscles This nerve provides feeling and motor control of your legs and feet (see Anatomy of the Spine). ... Return Doc

Radiofrequency treatment Relieves Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis ...
Sion was made for each genicular nerve. Control patients under- This technique may be a useful treatment for chronic severe OA pain refractory to other conservative treat-ments, although further, large-scale studies, and longer follow-up ... Retrieve Doc

Evaluation Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation For ...
Evaluation of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief in Peripheral Neuropathy ness of this modality for control of chronic pain is difficult. lowing treatment, and the pain returned three to four ... Document Viewer

How To Stop Chronic Back Pain And Sciatica: Getting Off Of ...
Every day I controlled my pain with narcotics and every day they failed to control my pain! 2:20 Lower Back Pain Treatment for Instant Back Pain Relief by kennethtang168 262,445 views; 6:12 Sciatic Nerve Pain Rehab ... View Video

Pain control By Vagus nerve Stimulation From Animal To Man ...
Acta neurol. belg., 2005, 105, 62-67 Abstract Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), already used as a treatment for refractory epilepsy, has also been assessed ... Return Doc

The Use Of Wireless Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve ... - IPCBEE
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator for pain Treatment with Feedback Electrode + lamic Azad University Branch of Garmsar, Iran. electrode for better pain to control compared to the traditional one. Keywords: wireless transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS), ... Access Doc

Diabetic Nerve PaiN - Home -- American Academy Of Neurology
Control helps prevent nerve pain and delay the onset of other problems. FIRst stePs the first step in managing diabetic nerve pain is to get your create a treatment plan tailored to the details of your own life and your own personal goals. ... Document Viewer

Alternative Chronic Pain Treatments - Senior Health
Chronic pain is often treated by medications but for acupuncture has been made by investigators who argue that local needling of the skin excites endorphin systems of pain control. Wiring the needles to Applying brief pulses of electricity to nerve endings ... Read Article

Neuros Medical Develops Implantable Device For Chronic Pain Applications
Neuros Medical, Inc., a medical device company, announced the completion of their implantable generator for use in chronic pain applications. The device, named Altius™, delivers th ... Read News

Pain Management: Trigeminal Neuralgia - Turner White ...
Treatment, the pain usually returns. nerve to relieve pain. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion involves using a high-frequency current to precisely heat tissue, Control subjects received placebo treat- ... Fetch Here

A Primer On Scientific Evidence And Treatment Of Neurogenic Pain
Nerve provided pain control for at least 12 weeks and improved shoulder joint movements. 12. Now Treatment of Neurogenic Pain (nerve pain, neuropathy) – Pain secondary to nerve dysfunction (Scientific Evidences) Author: Simon Created Date: ... Retrieve Full Source